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[edit] Events and Trends

• End of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe (1803 - 1815).
• The North American War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The war lasted until the beginning of 1814.
• The Luddites (1811 - 1816) in Britain were machine-wreckers, protesting against machines perceived as taking their jobs.
• The Year Without a Summer in 1816, a year of severe climate abnormalities caused famines throughout the world as a result of atmospheric dust from volcanic eruptions.
• The Spanish colony of New Granada declares independence as the Republic of Gran Colombia under President Simón Bolívar (1819 - 1828).
• Stars the period of Latin American revolutions. Several states declare their independence from Spain.
• The Congress of Vienna reshapes the map of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon and introduces a policy of reaction and restoration throughout Europe (1814-1815).
• Gas lighting becomes a practical technology and is implemented in cities in Europe and the United States.
• Edgar Allan Poe, an American poet, is born in 1809.
• Gothic genre is popular (used by Poe).
• The Third Anglo Maratha War is fought between the Marathas and the British East India Company troops in the year 1818 resulting in the defeat of the Peshwa and annihilation of the Maratha confederacy and British annexation of Central India. The last Peshwa is exiled to Bithur near Kanpur. His adopted son and heir Nana Saheb was one of the principal revolutionary commanders in the Indian Mutiny.
• Matthew Flinders a British explorer, passed away in 1814.

[edit] World leaders

• Emperor Francis II (Austria)
• Chancellor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria)
• King Frederick William III of Prussia (Prussia)
• Jiaqing Emperor (China)
• Emperor Napoleon I (First French Empire)
• King Louis XVIII (Restoration France)
• Pope Pius VII
• Emperor Alexander I (Russia)
• King Ferdinand VII (Spain)
• King Charles XIII (Sweden)
• King Charles XIV John (Sweden)
• King George III (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland), with his son as regent (see British Regency).
• President James Madison (United States)
• President James Monroe (United States)
• Akbar II (Mughal Empire)
• Baji Rao II (Peshwa of the Marathas) 1795-1818
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh(Sikh Empire, Punjab)
• Fath Ali Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)