Immunomodulator

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An immunomodulator is a substance (e. g. a drug) which has an effect on the immune system. There are two types of effects - immunostimulation and immunosuppression.

Immunosuppressants primarily have the suppressant effect.
Immunostimulants primarily have the stimulant effect.

Most drugs however do not have effects on only one receptor, so an immunomodulator may be at the same time an immunosuppressant and an immunostimulant, on different targets within the immune system.

Products that are not single chemical entities, such as herbal extracts and impure products, may have even greater plurality of effect. Many species of plants, depending on the specific extraction conditions used, have immunomodulatory effects.^[1]

[edit] References

^ Spelman K, Burns J, Nichols D, Winters N, Ottersberg S, Tenborg M (June 2006). "Modulation of cytokine expression by traditional medicines: a review of herbal immunomodulators". Alternative Medicine Review 11 (2): 128–50. PMID 16813462. http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/11/2/128.pdf.

[edit] External links

MeSH Immunomodulators

v • d • e Pharmacology: Major drug groups

Gastrointestinal tract/metabolism (A)	stomach acid (Antacids, H₂ antagonists, Proton pump inhibitors) • Antiemetics • Laxatives • Antidiarrhoeals/Antipropulsives • Anti-obesity drugs • Anti-diabetics • Vitamins • Dietary minerals

Blood and blood forming organs (B)	Antithrombotics (Antiplatelets, Anticoagulants, Thrombolytics/fibrinolytics) • Antihemorrhagics (Platelets, Coagulants, Antifibrinolytics)

Cardiovascular system (C)	cardiac therapy/antianginals (Cardiac glycosides, Antiarrhythmics, Cardiac stimulants) Antihypertensives • Diuretics • Vasodilators • Beta blockers • Calcium channel blockers • renin-angiotensin system (ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Renin inhibitors) Antihyperlipidemics (Statins, Fibrates, Bile acid sequestrants)

Skin (D)	Emollients • Cicatrizants • Antipruritics • Antipsoriatics • Medicated dressings

Reproductive system (G)	Hormonal contraception • Fertility agents • SERMs • Sex hormones

Endocrine system (H)	Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones • Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids) • Sex hormones • Thyroid hormones/Antithyroid agents

Infections and infestations (J, P, QI)	Antibiotics (Antimycobacterials) • Antifungals • Antivirals • Antiparasitics (Antiprotozoals, Anthelmintics) • Ectoparasiticides • Intravenous immunoglobulin • Vaccines

Malignant disease (L01-L02)	Anticancer agents (Antimetabolites, Alkylating, Spindle poisons, Antineoplastic, Topoisomerase inhibitors)

Immune disease (L03-L04)	Immunomodulators (Immunostimulants, Immunosuppressants)

Muscles, bones, and joints (M)	Anabolic steroids • Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) • Antirheumatics • Corticosteroids • Muscle relaxants • Bisphosphonates

Brain and nervous system (N)	Analgesics • Anesthetics (General, Local) • Anorectics • Anti-ADHD Agents • Antiaddictives • Anticonvulsants • Antidementia Agents • Antidepressants • Antimigraine Agents • Antiparkinson's Agents • Antipsychotics • Anxiolytics • Depressants • Entactogens • Entheogens • Euphoriants • Hallucinogens (Psychedelics, Dissociatives, Deliriants) • Hypnotics/Sedatives • Mood Stabilizers • Neuroprotectives • Nootropics • Neurotoxins • Orexigenics • Serenics • Stimulants • Wakefulness-Promoting Agents

Respiratory system (R)	Decongestants • Bronchodilators • Cough medicines • H₁ antagonists

Sensory organs (S)	Ophthalmologicals • Otologicals

Other ATC (V)	Antidotes • Contrast media • Radiopharmaceuticals • Dressings

Immunomodulators: Immunostimulants (L03)

Endogenous

Cytokines

Colony-stimulating factors	G-CSF (Filgrastim/Pegfilgrastim, Lenograstim) · GM-CSF (Molgramostim, Sargramostim) · SCF (Ancestim)

Interferons	alpha: Interferon alpha natural · Interferon alfa-2a/Peginterferon alfa-2a · Interferon alfa-2b/Peginterferon alfa-2b · Interferon alfa-n1 · Interferon alfacon-1 beta: Interferon beta natural · Interferon beta-1a · Interferon beta-1b Interferon gamma

Interleukins	Aldesleukin · Oprelvekin

Other protein/peptide

Pegademase · Immunocyanin · Tasonermin · Prolactin · Growth hormone

Other

Female sex steroids · Vitamin D · Poly ICLC · Histamine dihydrochloride

Exogenous

vaccine (BCG vaccine, Melanoma vaccine) · beta-glucan (Lentinan) · Mifamurtide · thiazolidine (Pidotimod) · heterocyclic compound (Plerixafor) · polyribonucleotide (Poly I:C) · hydroxyquinoline (Roquinimex) · oligopeptide (Glatiramer acetate, Thymopentin)

Immunomodulators: Immunosuppressive drugs / Immunosuppressants (L04)

Intracellular
(signal initiation)

Antimetabolites	purine synthesis inhibitor: Azathioprine · Mycophenolic acid pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor: Leflunomide · Teriflunomide antifolate: Methotrexate

Macrolides/ other IL-2 inhibitors	FKBP/Cyclophilin/Calcineurin: Tacrolimus · Ciclosporin · Pimecrolimus Abetimus · Gusperimus

TNF-α inhibitor	Thalidomide · Lenalidomide

Intracellular
(signal reception)

IL-1 receptor antagonists	Anakinra

mTOR	Sirolimus · Deforolimus · Everolimus · Temsirolimus · Zotarolimus · Biolimus A9

Extracellular

Antibodies

Monoclonal

Serum target (noncellular)	Complement component 5 (Eculizumab) · TNFs (Infliximab, Adalimumab, Certolizumab pegol, Afelimomab, Golimumab) · Interleukin 5 (Mepolizumab) · Immunoglobulin E (Omalizumab) · BAYX (Nerelimomab) Interferon (Faralimomab) IL-6 (Elsilimomab) IL-12 and IL-13 (Lebrikizumab, Ustekinumab)

Cellular target	CD3 (Muromonab-CD3, Otelixizumab, Teplizumab, Visilizumab) · CD4 (Clenoliximab, Keliximab, Zanolimumab) · CD11a (Efalizumab) · CD18 (Erlizumab) · CD20 (Afutuzumab, Ocrelizumab, Pascolizumab) · CD23 (Lumiliximab) · CD40 (Teneliximab, Toralizumab) · CD62L/L-selectin (Aselizumab) · CD80 (Galiximab) · CD147/Basigin (Gavilimomab) · CD154 (Ruplizumab) BLyS (Belimumab) · CTLA-4 (Ipilimumab, Tremelimumab) · CAT (Bertilimumab, Lerdelimumab, Metelimumab) · Integrin (Natalizumab) · Interleukin-6 receptor (Tocilizumab) · LFA-1 (Odulimomab) IL-2 receptor/CD25 (Basiliximab, Daclizumab, Inolimomab) T-lymphocyte (Zolimomab aritox)

Unsorted	Atorolimumab, Cedelizumab, Dorlixizumab, Fontolizumab, Gantenerumab, Gomiliximab, Maslimomab, Morolimumab, Pexelizumab, Reslizumab, Rovelizumab, Siplizumab, Talizumab, Telimomab aritox, Vapaliximab, Vepalimomab