Invariant mass

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"Proper mass" redirects here. For the liturgical mass proper, see Proper (liturgy).

The invariant mass, intrinsic mass, proper mass or just mass is a characteristic of the total energy and momentum of an object or a system of objects that is the same in all frames of reference. When the system as a whole is at rest, the invariant mass is equal to the total energy of the system divided by c², which is equal to the mass of the system as measured on a scale. If the system is one particle, the invariant mass may also be called the rest mass.

Since the center of mass of an isolated system moves in a straight line with a steady velocity, an observer can always move along with it. In this frame, the center of momentum frame, the total momentum is zero, the system as a whole may be thought of as being "at rest", and the invariant mass of the system is equal to the total system energy divided by c². This total energy in the center of momentum frame, is the minimum energy which the system may be observed to have, when seen by various observers from various inertial frames.

If the system comprises more than one particle, the particles may be moving relative to each other in the center of momentum frame, and they will generally interact through one or more of the fundamental forces. The kinetic energy of the particles and the potential energy of the force fields increase the total energy above the sum of the particle rest masses, and contribute to the invariant mass of the system. The sum of the particle kinetic energies as calculated by an observer is smallest in the rest frame.

Possible 4-momenta of particles. One has zero invariant mass, the other is massive

1 Particle physics
2 Example: two particle collision
3 See also
4 References

[edit] Particle physics

In particle physics, the invariant mass is a mathematical combination of a particle's energy E and its momentum p which is equal to the mass in the rest frame. This invariant mass is the same in all frames of reference (see Special Relativity).

$(mc^2)^2=E^2-\|\mathbf{p}c\|^2\,$

or in natural units where c = 1,

$m^2 = E^2 - \|\mathbf{p}\|^2. \,$

This equation says that the invariant mass is the relativistic length of the four-vector (E, p), calculated using the relativistic version of the pythagorian theorem which has a different sign for the space and time dimensions. This length is preserved under any Lorentz boost or rotation in four dimensions, just like the ordinary length of a vector is preserved under rotations.

Since the invariant mass is determined from quantities which are conserved during a decay, the invariant mass calculated using the energy and momentum of the decay products of a single particle is equal to the mass of the particle that decayed. The mass of a system of particles can be calculated from the general formula:

$\left(Wc^2\right)^2= \left(\sum E\right)^2-\left\|\sum \mathbf{p}c\right\|^2$

where

W

is the invariant mass of the system of particles, equal to the mass of the decay particle.

$\sum E$ is the sum of the energies of the particles

$\sum \mathbf{p}$ is the vector sum of the momenta of the particles (includes both magnitude and direction of the momenta)

[edit] Example: two particle collision

In a two particle collision (or a two particle decay) the square of the invariant mass (in natural units) is

$M^2 \,$	$= (E_1+E_2)^2-\\|\textbf{p}_1 + \textbf{p}_2\\|^2 \,$
	$= m_1^2 + m_2^2 + 2\left(E_1 E_2 - \textbf{p}_1 \cdot \textbf{p}_2 \right). \,$

[edit] See also

[edit] References

Halzen, Francis; Martin, Alan (1984). Quarks & Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-88741-2.

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Categories: Relativity | Mass | Fundamental physics concepts